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Sambo
From MartialWiki English
| Sambo | |
| самбо (САМозащита Без Оружия) | |
| "Self-defence Without Weapons" | |
| Also known as | Sombo; Cambo |
| Origin |  Russia
|
| Founded by | Viktor Spiridonov, Vasili Oshchepkov & Anatoly Kharlampiev |
| Primary focus | self-defence in real world situations; disarming |
| Classification | Grappling; Military; Sport |
| Styles / variants | Sport Sambo Self-defense Sambo Combat Sambo Special Sambo Freestyle Sambo |
| Influenced by | Judo; Russian folk wrestling |
| Similar to | Jujutsu; Krav Maga |
Sambo is a Russian martial art that was created for use in the Russian military. Sambo is similar to Judo but also draws heavily on martial arts from around the world to create a style that is designed to be used in real world situations.
Contents |
[edit] Concept
Sambo is a martial art that is designed to be used in real world environments and the concepts used in it reflect this. Sambo techniques might include training in fighting between two unarmed opponents, being attacked in an office environment or application in military situations. For example, specific Sambo techniques exist for use by bureaucrats and other officials who might be attacked while working at their desks. A heavy emphasis is placed on using the environment to your advantage, this may include the use of desks, chairs or even pens as improvised weapons.
[edit] Philosophy
The core philosophy of Sambo can be summed up in one sentence. "Stop an armed or unarmed adversary in the least time possible".
[edit] Etymology
The word Cambo(Sambo) is an acronym of САМозащита Без Оружия (SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya) meaning "self-defense without weapons" in Russian.
[edit] Technique
[edit] History
Sambo is born of native Russian and other regional styles of grappling and combat wrestling bolstered with the most useful and adaptable concepts and techniques from the rest of the world. As the unfortunate buffer between Europe and Asia, Russia had more than ample opportunities to sift through the martial skills of various invaders. Earlier Russians had experienced threats from the Vikings in the west and the Tatars and Genghis Khan’s Golden Horde from Mongolia in the east. The regional, native combat systems included in SOMBO’s genesis are Tuvin kuresh, Yakuts khapsagay, Chuvash akatuy, Georgian chidaoba, Moldavian trinte, Azeri kokh, and Uzbek kurash to name a few. The foreign influences included Dutch Self-Defense (a European version of Javanese Pentjak Silat), various styles of Catch-as Catch-Can wrestling, savate, muy thai, wu shu, jujitsu, and other martial arts of the day plus the classical Olympic sports of boxing, Greco-Roman and free-style wrestling. SOMBO even derived lunging and parrying techniques from fencing.
Sombo's early development stemmed from the independent efforts of Oshchepkov and another Russian, Victor Spiridonov, to integrate the techniques of judo into native wrestling styles. Both men hoped that the Soviet wrestling styles could be improved by an infusion of the newfangled techniques distilled from jujitsu by Kano into his new style of jacket wrestling.
In 1918, V. Lenin created Vseobuch (Bceobshchee voennoye obuchienie or General Military Training) under the leadership of N.I. Podovoyskiy to train the Red Army. The task of developing and organizing Russian military hand-to-hand combat training fell to K. Voroshilov, who in turn, created the NKVD physical training center, "Dinamo." Spiridonov was a combat veteran of World War I, and one of the first wrestling and self-defense instructors hired for Dinamo. His background included Greco-Roman wrestling, American Catch-as-Catch-Can wrestling, Pankration, and many Slavic wrestling styles. As a "combatives investigator" for Dinamo, he traveled to Mongolia, China, and India to observe their native fighting styles. In 1923, Oshchepkov and Spiridinov collaborated with a team of other experts on a grant from the Soviet government to improve the Red Army’s hand-to-hand combat system. Spiridonov had envisioned integrating all of the world’s fighting systems into one comprehensive style that could adapt to any threat. Oshchepkov had observed Kano’s distillation of Tenjin Shin’yo Ryu jujitsu and Kito Ryu jujitsu into judo, and he had developed the insight required to evaluate and integrate combative techniques into a new system. Their development team was supplemented by Anatoly Kharlampiev and I.V. Vasiliev who also traveled the globe to study the native fighting arts of the world. Ten years in the making, their catalogue of techniques was instrumental in formulating the early framework of the art to be eventually referred to as Sombo. Here, Oshchepkov and Spiridonov’s improvements in Russian wrestling slipped into the military’s hand-to-hand-combat system.
[edit] Culture
[edit] Uniforms
A Sambo practitioner normally wears either a red or a blue jacket kurtka, a belt and shorts of the same color, and sambovki (Sambo shoes). The Sambo uniform does not reflect rank or competitive rating. Sport rules require an athlete to have both red and blue sets to visually distinguish competitors on the mat.
In Russia, a competitive rating system is used rather than belt colors like judo and jiujitsu to demonstrate rank, though some schools around the world now institute belt colors as well. The rating system is called Unified Sports Classification System of the USSR, with the highest athletic distinction known as the Distinguished Masters of Sport in Sambo.
Examination requirements vary depending on the age group and can vary from country to country. The examination itself includes competitive accomplishment as well as technical demonstration of knowledge. Higher level exams must be supervised by independent judges from a national Sambo association. For a rating to be recognised, it must be registered with the national Sambo organization.
[edit] Genealogy
Coming soon.
[edit] Styles
[edit] Sport Sambo
(Russian: Борьбa Самбо,Bor'ba Sambo) is stylistically similar to amateur wrestling or judo. The competition is similar to judo, but with some differences in rules, protocol, and uniform. For example, in contrast with judo, Sambo allows all types of leg locks, while not allowing chokeholds and focuses on throwing, ground work and submissions.
[edit] Self-defense Sambo
Self-defense Sambo is similar to aikijutsu, jujutsu or aikido and is based on self-defense application, such as defending against attacks by both armed and unarmed attackers. Many practitioners consider Self-Defense Sambo as part of Combat Sambo and not a system unto itself.
[edit] Combat Sambo
(Russian: Боевое Самбо, Boyevoye Sambo). Utilized and developed for the military, Combat Sambo includes practice with weapons, including disarming techniques. Competition in Combat Sambo resembles older forms of judo and modern mixed martial arts, including extensive forms of striking and grappling. The first FIAS World Sambo Championships were held in 2001.
[edit] Special Sambo
Special Sambo was developed for Army Special Forces and Rapid Reaction Police (Militsija) teams and other law enforcement formations. The Special Sambo style differs from team to team due to different tasks and aims; however, the base of any special system developed in that field is of course Sambo. The term "Special Sambo" is a relatively new term which refers to specialized versions of combat Sambo.
[edit] Freestyle Sambo
Freestyle Sambo is uniquely American set of competitive Sambo rules created by the American Sambo Association (ASA) in 2004. These rules differ from traditional Sport Sambo in that they allow choke holds and other submissions from Combat Sambo that are not permitted in Sport Sambo. Freestyle Sambo, like all Sambo, focuses on throwing skills and fast ground work. No strikes are permitted in Freestyle Sambo. The ASA created this rule set in order to encourage non-Sambo practitioners from judo and jujitsu to participate in Sambo events.
[edit] Notable practitioners
- Fedor Emelianenko - World Combat Sambo Champion and Russian Combat Sambo Champion. He was the last heavyweight champion of the former PRIDE Fighting Championships and current WAMMA heavyweight champion.
- Andrei Arlovski - former UFC heavyweight champion. He was also the Junior World Sambo Champion, as well as a silver medalist in the World Sambo Championship and World Sambo Cup.
[edit] In fiction
- Sergei Dragunov - from the video game series "Tekken".
- Cyrax - from the video game serious "Mortal Kombat".
[edit] Get involved
- Systema Australia - Australian Based Systema/Sambo School.
[edit] Links
- Sambo page on the Wikipedia
[edit] Footnotes & references
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